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Lollardy (Lollardry, Lollardism) was a political and religious movement that existed from the mid-14th century to the English Reformation. It was initially led by John Wycliffe,〔.〕 a prominent theologian who was dismissed from the University of Oxford in 1381 for criticism of the Church, especially in his doctrine on the Eucharist. The Lollards' demands were primarily for reform of Western Christianity. == Etymology == ''Lollard'', ''Lollardi'' or ''Loller'' was the popular derogatory nickname given to those without an academic background, educated if at all only in English, who were reputed to follow the teachings of John Wycliffe in particular, and were certainly considerably energized by the translation of the Bible into the English language. By the mid-15th century, "lollard" had come to mean a heretic in general. The alternative, "Wycliffite", is generally accepted to be a more neutral term covering those of similar opinions, but having an academic background. The term is said to have been coined by the Anglo-Irish cleric, Henry Crumpe, but its origin is uncertain. According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', it most likely derives from Middle Dutch ' "mumbler, mutterer" from a verb ''lollen'' "to mutter, mumble". It appears to be a derisive expression applied to various people perceived as heretics—first the Franciscans and later the followers of Wycliffe. Originally the word was a colloquial name for a group of the harmless buriers of the dead during the Black Death, in the 14th century, known as Alexians, Alexian Brothers or Cellites. These were known colloquially as ' (Middle Dutch), "mumbling brothers", or ''""'', from , meaning "to sing softly" from their chants for the dead.〔cf. English ''lullaby'', and the modern Dutch and German ''lallen'' "to babble, to talk drunkenly".(Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, entry for "lallen" )〕 Three other possibilities for the derivation of ''Lollard'' are mentioned by the Oxford English Dictionary,〔.〕 # the Latin name ''ラテン語:lolium'', Common Vetch or tares, supposedly a reference to the biblical Parable of the Tares (Matthew 13:24-3); # after a Franciscan named Lolhard who converted to the Waldensian way, becoming eminent as a preacher in Guienne, then under English domination, influencing lay English piety. He was burned at Cologne in the 1370s; coincidentally, a Waldensian teacher named Lolhard was tried for heresy in Austria in 1315.〔TJ van Bright. ''The Bloody Theater or Martyrs Mirror of the Defenseless Christians'' (1660). Third English Edition. 1886. Translated by Joseph F. Sohm. Herald Press, Scottsdale, Pennsylvania.〕 # Middle English ' (akin to the verb ''loll'', and ultimately to ''lull'', ''lollen, lallen'' group discussed above), "a lazy vagabond, an idler, a fraudulent beggar"; but this word is not recorded in this sense before 1582, while it is recorded as an alternative spelling of ''Lollard''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lollardy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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